Joseph J. Ellis offers a sweeping history of the American founding era that confronts two of its greatest failures: the continuation of slavery and the displacement of Native Americans. At the time of the American Revolution, slavery was deeply entrenched in the colonies, creating a stark contradiction between the ideals of liberty and the reality of human bondage. Ellis explores how the nation's founders reconciled their commitment to equality and self-government with policies that upheld slavery and encouraged the seizure of Indigenous lands. Through examinations of key events, including the Constitutional Convention and the Treaty of New York, he reveals the arguments and justifications used by influential leaders such as Jay, Hamilton, and Madison. The book also highlights the contributions of lesser-known figures, including abolitionist Anthony Benezet and Creek leader Alexander McGillivray, who challenged prevailing attitudes and policies. Rather than portraying the founders as heroes or villains, Ellis presents a balanced account that acknowledges both their remarkable achievements and their profound moral shortcomings.

By Joseph Ellis